The Effect of Two-dimensional and Stereoscopic Presentation on Middle School Students’ Performance of Spatial Cognition Tasks   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Aaron Price  Hee-Sun Lee 《Journal of Science Education and Technology》2010,19(1):90-103

We investigated whether and how student performance on three types of spatial cognition tasks differs when worked with two-dimensional or stereoscopic representations. We recruited nineteen middle school students visiting a planetarium in a large Midwestern American city and analyzed their performance on a series of spatial cognition tasks in terms of response accuracy and task completion time. Results show that response accuracy did not differ between the two types of representations while task completion time was significantly greater with the stereoscopic representations. The completion time increased as the number of mental manipulations of 3D objects increased in the tasks. Post-interviews provide evidence that some students continued to think of stereoscopic representations as two-dimensional. Based on cognitive load and cue theories, we interpret that, in the absence of pictorial depth cues, students may need more time to be familiar with stereoscopic representations for optimal performance. In light of these results, we discuss potential uses of stereoscopic representations for science learning.  相似文献   

The influence of crank rate on peak oxygen consumption during arm crank ergometry     

Paul M. Smith  Michael J. Price  Mike Doherty 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(12):955-960

The aim of this study was to assess the influence of three imposed crank rates on the attainment of peak oxygen consumption ( V O 2peak ) and other physiological responses during incremental arm crank ergometry. Twenty physically active, although non-specifically trained, males volunteered for the study. They completed an exercise protocol using an electrically braked arm ergometer (Lode Angio, Groningen, Netherlands) at crank rates of 60, 70 and 80 rev·min -1 . The order of tests was randomized and they were separated by at least 2 days. Peak V O 2 was significantly higher ( P ? 0.05) at 70 and 80 rev·min -1 than at 60 rev·min -1 . Peak ventilation volume increased as a function of crank rate and was higher ( P ? 0.05) at 80 than at 60 rev·min -1 . Peak heart rate was higher ( P ? 0.05) at 70 and 80 rev·min -1 than at 60 rev·min -1 . Furthermore, 70 and 80 rev·min -1 resulted in an extended test time compared with 60 rev·min -1 . The greater physiological responses observed during the tests at the two faster crank rates might have been the result of a postponement of acute localized neuromuscular fatigue, allowing for more work to be completed. We recommend, therefore, that an imposed crank rate between 70 and 80 rev·min -1 should be used to elicit V O 2peak and other physiological responses in arm crank ergometry.  相似文献   

Thermoregulatory responses during prolonged upper body exercise in cool and warm conditions     

M.J. Price  I.G. Campbell 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(7):519-544

The thermoregulatory responses of upper-body trained athletes were examined at rest, during prolonged arm crank exercise and recovery in cool (21.5 ± 0.9°C, 43.9 ± 10.1% relative humidity; mean ± s) and warm (31.5 &± 0.6°C, 48.9 - 8.4% relative humidity) conditions. Aural temperature increased from rest by 0.7 ± 0.7°C (P ? 0.05) during exercise in cool conditions and by 1.6 ± 0.7°C during exercise in warm conditions (P ? 0.05). During exercise in cool conditions, calf skin temperature decreased (1.5 ± 1.3°C), whereas an increase was observed during exercise in warm conditions (3.0 ± 1.7°C). Lower-body skin temperatures tended to increase by greater amounts than upper-body skin temperatures during exercise in warm conditions. No differences were observed in blood lactate, heart rate or respiratory exchange ratio responses between conditions. Perceived exertion at 45 min of exercise was greater than that reported at 5 min of exercise during the cool trial (P ? 0.05), whereas during exercise in the warm trial the rating of perceived exertion increased from initial values by 30 min (P ? 0.05). Heat storage, body mass losses and fluid consumption were greater during exercise in warm conditions (7.06 ± 2.25 J·g^-1 ·°C^-1, 1.3 ± 0.5 kg and 1038 ± 356 ml, respectively) than in cool conditions (1.35 ± 0.23 J·g^-1·°C^-1, 0.8 ± 0.2 kg and 530 ± 284 ml, respectively; P ? 0.05). The results of this study indicate that the increasing thermal strain with constant thermal stress in warm conditions is due to heat storage within the lower body. These results may aid in understanding thermoregulatory control mechanisms of populations with a thermoregulatory dysfunction, such as those with spinal cord injuries.  相似文献   

The effects of work – rest duration on intermittent exercise and subsequent performance     

Mike Price  Karl Halabi 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(8):835-842

This study examined the effects of different work?–?rest durations during 40?min intermittent treadmill exercise and subsequent running performance. Eight males (mean?±?s: age 24.3?±?2.0 years, body mass 79.4?±?7.0?kg, height 1.77?±?0.05?m) undertook intermittent exercise involving repeated sprints at 120% of the speed at which maximal oxygen uptake (v-[Vdot]O_2max) was attained with passive recovery between each one. The work?–?rest ratio was constant at 1:1.5 with trials involving short (6:9?s), medium (12:18?s) or long (24:36?s) work?–?rest durations. Each trial was followed by a performance run to volitional exhaustion at 150% v-[Vdot]O_2max. After 40?min, mean exercise intensity was greater during the long (68.4?±?9.3%) than the short work?–?rest trial (54.9?±?8.1% [Vdot]O_2max; P?<?0.05). Blood lactate concentration at 10?min was higher in the long and medium than in the short work?–?rest trial (6.1?±?0.8, 5.2?±?0.9, 4.5?±?1.3?mmol?·?l^?1, respectively; P?<?0.05). The respiratory exchange ratio was consistently higher during the long than during the medium and short work?–?rest trials (P <?0.05). Plasma glucose concentration was higher in the long and medium than in the short work?–?rest trial after 40?min of exercise (5.6?±?0.1, 6.6?±?0.2 and 5.3?±?0.5?mmol?·?l^?1, respectively; P?<?0.05). No differences were observed between trials for performance time (72.7?±?14.9, 63.2?±?13.2, 57.6?±?13.5?s for the short, medium and long work?–?rest trial, respectively; P = 0.17), although a relationship between performance time and 40?min plasma glucose was observed (P?<?0.05). The results show that 40?min of intermittent exercise involving long and medium work?–?rest durations elicits greater physiological strain and carbohydrate utilization than the same amount of intermittent exercise undertaken with a short work?–?rest duration.  相似文献   

低碳发展方案编制指南(第三部分)——制定低碳发展规划     

周南  Lynn  Price  Stephanie  Ohshita  Nina  Zheng  胡敏 《科学与管理》2013,(6):62-69

本节介绍制定低碳发展计划常用的核心步骤。本指南侧重城市层面;同样的步骤也适用于企业、市、省和国家等层级。中国自"十一五规划"起,对改善国内能源强度定出目标,包括各经济部门的节能目标。2009年12月中国政府公布了其碳强度目标,重点放在单位GDP用能引发的二氧化碳排放量。为实现该强度目标以及"循环经济"等经济性目标,制定低碳发展规划尤其必要。  相似文献   

The effects of work:rest duration on physiological and perceptual responses during intermittent exercise and performance     

Mike Price  Paul Moss 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(14):1613-1621

Abstract

In this study, we examined the effects of different work:rest durations during 20 min intermittent treadmill running and subsequent performance. Nine males (mean age 25.8 years, s = 6.8; body mass 73.9 kg, s = 8.8; stature 1.75 m, s = 0.05; [Vdot]O_2max 55.5 ml · kg^?1 · min^?1, s = 5.8) undertook repeated sprints at 120% of the speed at which [Vdot]O_2max was attained interspersed with passive recovery. The work:rest ratio was constant (1:1.5) with trials involving either short (6:9 s) or long (24:36 s) work:rest exercise protocols (total exercise time 8 min). Each trial was followed by a performance run to volitional exhaustion at the same running speed. Testing order was randomized and counterbalanced. Heart rate, oxygen consumption, respiratory exchange ratio, and blood glucose were similar between trials (P > 0.05). Blood lactate concentration was greater during the long than the short exercise protocol (P < 0.05), whereas blood pH was lower during the long than the short exercise protocol (7.28, s = 0.11 and 7.30, s = 0.03 at 20 min, respectively; P < 0.05). Perceptions of effort were greater throughout exercise for the long than the short exercise protocol (16.6, s = 1.4 and 15.1, s = 1.6 at 20 min, respectively; P < 0.05) and correlated with blood lactate (r = 0.43) and bicarbonate concentrations (r = ?0.59; P < 0.05). Although blood lactate concentration at 20 min was related to performance time (r = ?0.56; P < 0.05), no differences were observed between trials for time to exhaustion (short exercise protocol: 95.8 s, s = 30.0; long exercise protocol: 92.0 s, s = 37.1) or physiological responses at exhaustion (P > 0.05). Our results demonstrate that 20 min of intermittent exercise involving a long work:rest duration elicits greater metabolic and perceptual strain than intermittent exercise undertaken with a short work:rest duration but does not affect subsequent run time to exhaustion.  相似文献   

Joggers versus Nonexercisers: An Analysis of Knowledge,Attitudes and Beliefs about Jogging     

Suzanne E. Slenker  James H. Price  Stephen M. Roberts  Stephen G. Jurs 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(4):371-378

Abstract

The Health Belief Model was utilized to examine the knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of individuals regarding regular jogging. Based on an elicitation procedure developed by Martin Fishbein, a questionnaire was developed according to the theoretical tenets of the Health Belief Model and was found to be valid and reliable. Responses from 124 joggers and 96 nonexercisers were analyzed, and significant differences were found. Factors which accounted for the largest portion of predictable variance (40%) were barriers to action such as lack of time, job or family responsibilities, or weather constraints. As a whole, the results provided support for the Health Belief Model in that 61% of the variance in jogging behavior was determined. The study suggests that physical and health educators might more effectively change the behavior of sedentary individuals by utilizing strategies which address perceived obstacles to jogging.  相似文献   

The Influence of Teacher Expectations about Twice-Exceptional Students on the Use of High Quality Gifted Curriculum: A Case Study Approach     

Tracy C. Missett  Amy Price Azano  Carolyn M. Callahan  Kimberly Landrum 《Exceptionality》2016,24(1):18-31

Twice-exceptional students show evidence of high academic performance or potential and also have a disability that impedes their ability to learn. Twice-exceptional students remain under-represented in gifted programs, and some researchers attribute such under-representation to the negative beliefs and low expectations about twice-exceptional students held by teachers. While researchers have begun to investigate the curricular models and instructional strategies that are effective for twice-exceptional students, little research addresses how teacher beliefs and expectations about student ability are reflected in the ways teachers implement such models and strategies for twice-exceptional students in gifted classrooms. Even less research addresses gifted students with emotional and behavioral disabilities. We used a case study of a third-grade teacher using a structured, model-based language arts curriculum to better understand how her expectations about a gifted student with an emotional disability influenced her instructional choices. Using observational and interview data, the case study approach allowed the researchers to personalize the experiences of this teacher and provided a context in which to examine the subtleties of teacher expectations when teaching a gifted student with an emotional disability. Implications for educational practice, particularly the need for comprehensive school-based support systems for students with emotional disabilities, are discussed.  相似文献   

Activities for Babies and Toddlers with Down Syndrome: A Physiotherapy Approach     

Rose‐Anne Kelso  Sue Price 《International Journal of Disability, Development & Education》1990,37(1)

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Teaching with technology in higher education: understanding conceptual change and development in practice     

Claire Englund  Anders D. Olofsson  Linda Price 《高等教育研究与发展》2017,36(1):73-87

Research indicates that teachers’ conceptions of and approaches to teaching with technology are central for the successful imple-mentation of educational technologies in higher education. This study advances this premise. We present a 10-year longitudinal study examining teachers’ conceptions of and approaches to teaching and learning with technology. Nine teachers on an online Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy and a Master of Pharmacy programme at a Swedish university were studied using a phenomenographic approach. Results showed clear differences between novice and experienced teachers. Although novice teachers initially held more teacher-focused conceptions, they demonstrated greater and more rapid change than experienced colleagues. Experienced teachers tended to exhibit little to no change in conceptions. Supporting conceptual change should, therefore, be a central component of professional development activities if a more effective use of educational technology is to be achieved.  相似文献